FECAL COLIFORM RELEASE FROM CATTLE FECAL DEPOSITS1

ABSTRACT: Cowpies molded to a standard configuration and size were subjected to simulated rainfall, and the fecal coliform counts were determined using the most probable number (MPN) method of enumeration. The standard cowpie deposits were exposed to simulated rainfall once at ages 2 through 100 days. The effects of rainfall intensity and recurrent rainfall were also tested. Naturally-occurring fecal deposits were also tested to compare their results with those from the standard cowpies. A log-log regression was found to describe the decline in peak fecal coliform release with fecal deposit age. The 100-day-old fecal deposits produced peak counts of 4,200 fecal coliform per 100 milliliters of water. This quantity of release is minimal compared to the release from fresher fecal material. Rainfall intensity had little effect on peak fecal coliform release from fecal deposits that were 2 or 10 days old. At age 20 days the effect of rainfall intensity was significant; the highest intensity gave the lowest peak counts, and the lowest intensity gave the highest peak counts. The effect of rainfall intensity appears to be related to the dryness of the fecal deposits. Peak fecal coliform counts were significantly lowered when the fecal deposits were rained on more than once. This decline was thought to be produced by the loss of bacteria from the fecal deposits during the previous wettings. Standard cowpies produced a peak release regression that was not significantly different from the regression for the natural fecal deposits. Apparently, grossly manipulating the fecal deposits did not significantly change the release patterns.     

基于TM影像的人口密度数字模拟——以北京地区为例

居住区影像是人口分布客观真实的定性表现,对这种定性的数据源进行合理量化即可获得人口实际分布数据。在分析TM影像各个波段特征的基础上,选取5、4、3波段进行图像逻辑运算,比较精确地提取出居住区影像。计算居住区面积并依据面积大小将居住区分为3类,根据人口户籍统计值计算出3类居住区相对的人口分布比例系数kj。然后生成与居住区矢量投影相同的1km网格,利用图层叠加统计每个网格内的居住面积lj,居住区矢量与区县界矢量叠加统计每个区县内的居住面积Am,计算网格人口分配系数ki×lj/Am,依据该系数对人口总数进行网格化模拟,以得到人口密度空间分布规律。以北京地区为试验区进行人口模拟,结果显示北京中心区最大人口密度为16 661人/km2,其他地区最大人口密度是8231人/km2。在模拟结果的基础上估算乡镇级人口,对比分析乡镇级估算人口和实际调查人口对结果进行验证,对比数据表明该算法所得到的人口分布与实际人口分布较为相符。     

基于GIS的武汉城市圈常住人口空间分布研究

结合人口普查数据和GIS手段，系统分析了20世纪90年代以来武汉城市圈常住人口空间分布现状特征，揭示了基于圈层法和方向法的空间分布演变趋势，并从政策、经济、人口迁移、交通方面剖析了导致变化的驱动力因素。     

关于饮水机水细菌污染及使用若干问题探讨

为了解冷热两用饮水机所供水的细菌污染情况，对新出厂的饮用纯净水、饮水机中冷水、未沸水和沸水、桶中水等不同水样中细菌总数和大肠菌群分别进行了检测分析。结果表明，未沸水灭菌情况不稳定，沸水灭菌效果很好；随时间推移，纯净水中的细菌总数呈递增趋势，并且增长速度较快，其污染源主要来自空气和饮水机本身，特别是饮水机内胆的污染不容忽视。所有水样中均未检出大肠菌群。     

Population Analysis of Sables in the Ural–Ob Region of the Species Range

An attempt at population analysis of sables in the Ural–Ob region of the species range was made with the use of vast biological material (craniometry, 1909 specimens; ecological structure, 2157 specimens; and coat color, 439169 pelts). Population groups in the region were mainly described on the basis of morphological, geographic, historical, and ecological criteria. Seven spatially separated population groups were found, which were named after the main rivers of their habitats: the Tavda–Konda–Sos'va, Dem'yanka, Salym–Yugan, Agan–Vakh, Kazym–Nazym, Nadym–Kunovat, and Pur–Taz groups. They distinctly differed from one another with respect to cranial measurements, coat color, and some structural demographic parameters. In some cases, morphological differences reached the subspecies level. The data obtained make it possible to revise the pattern of geographic variation within the species range.     

Efficient degradation of lube off by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier.Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Pxl, Bacillus sp.Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the efficiency of lube oil utilization.The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances),which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 μg glucose/(cm~2·day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

城市适度人口规模的多目标决策方法及应用

适度的人口规模是城市可持续发展的关键.针对人口研究的系统性和复杂性,本文提出一种城市适度人口规模的多目标决策方法,基于不同城市发展情景下资源要素供给状况与城市人口需求特征,计算供需关系共同制约下的适度人口规模.以北京市通州新城为案例应用该模型,结果表明,综合决策经济发展、社会生活和生态环境等影响要素,通州新城到2020年适度人口规模约为75～78万,规划期内就业、社会保障、供水、住房为约束人口规模的主要因素.     

Novosol法固定底泥中重金属研究

采用Novosol法处理河道疏浚底泥,固定底泥中的重金属,并研究了磷酸投加量、烧结温度和烧结时间对底泥重金属浸出的影响.研究结果表明,Novosol法处理底泥适宜的磷酸投加量为0.17mo.lkg-1,烧结温度为700℃,烧结时间为2h.采用毒性浸出方法(TCLP)浸取处理底泥,浸出液中Cd、Zn和Pb的浸出浓度均远远低于危险废物鉴别标准——浸出毒性鉴别(GB5085.3-2007)规定的限值.稳定浸出液pH为5时,优化条件下Novosol法处理后底泥中Cd、Zn、Pb的浸出量比原底泥的浸出量分别降低了77.4%、53.9%和39.4%.底泥中Zn和Cd的浸出受pH影响较大,当浸出液pH降到6以下时,Zn和Cd的浸出浓度显著增加;而底泥中的Pb由于在Novosol法处理过程转化成极为稳定的磷酸盐矿物结构,受pH影响较小.     

厦门海域中国鲎资源的研究与保护

中国鲎是珍贵的海洋活化石,有着极高的医学价值和科研价值。厦门海域曾分布大量的中国鲎,而近年来,由于危及鲎生长繁殖的围海造地、滩涂养殖以及狂捕滥杀现象层出不穷,再加上海水水质和沉积物环境的恶化,使得厦门海域中国鲎资源急剧下降,甚至已经难觅其踪。文章从中国鲎的栖息地破坏、环境污染以及过度捕杀三个角度,分析人类活动对中国鲎种群的威胁,并提出划定厦门中国鲎自然保护区,加强宣传教育和科学研究等保护厦门海域中国鲎资源的几点设想。     

中国农村人口与农村居民点用地的时空变化

利用农村人口统计数据和土地利用现状数据,对我国农村人口与农村居民点用地变化的总体态势、区域格局及其耦合状态进行定量分析。研究表明:改革开放以来我国乡村常住人口和农业户籍人口数量变化分别于1996和2001年进入快速减少的新阶段,年均分别减少1 121×104和579×104人,而1996年以来农村居民点用地面积仍呈增长趋势,年均增长0.12%;农村人口与农村居民点用地增减协同演进的良性格局尚未出现,农村居民点用地效率依然粗放,且在北方地区和东部沿海地区更为突出。城乡二元体制是造成我国农村人口减少而农村居民点用地反增逆势发展的根本原因;在相对共性的人口流动和土地管理制度背景下,自然地理条件、经济发展水平、社会历史文化等因素的综合差异造成了二者变化的区域差异性。完善农村土地利用管控体系,因地制宜科学推进农户参与式农村居民点用地综合整治,以科学调控农村人口和农村居民点用地变化,是保障耕地红线、增加建设用地指标和推进新农村建设的综合途径,而创新统筹城乡发展的体制和机制,破除城乡二元结构,是实现这一目标的基本保障。